Plagiarism Policy

The journal is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and academic integrity. All manuscripts submitted to the journal must be original works of the authors and must not contain plagiarized material.

Definition of Plagiarism

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:

Copying text, figures, tables, data, or ideas from other published or unpublished works without proper acknowledgment.
Presenting another author's work as one's own.
Submitting previously published work without appropriate citation or permission.
Self-plagiarism, including substantial duplication of an author's own previously published work without proper disclosure and citation.
Manipulation or falsification of references, citations, or research data.

Plagiarism Screening

All submitted manuscripts are screened using plagiarism detection software and editorial assessment before entering the peer-review process.

Manuscripts found to contain significant plagiarism may be:

Rejected immediately.
Returned to the authors for correction and resubmission.
Subject to further investigation by the editorial office.

If plagiarism is discovered after publication, the journal reserves the right to publish corrections, issue expressions of concern, retract the article, and notify the authors' institutions or funding agencies when appropriate.

Acceptable Similarity

The journal evaluates similarity reports on a case-by-case basis. Similarity arising from references, standard methodology descriptions, legally required statements, or properly cited quotations may be excluded from consideration. Editorial decisions are based on the nature and extent of overlap rather than similarity percentages alone.

Author Responsibilities

Authors must ensure that:

Submitted work is original.
All sources are properly cited.
Permissions have been obtained where required.
Data, images, and figures are authentic and accurately represented.
The manuscript is not under consideration by another journal at the time of submission.

Retraction Policy

The journal follows internationally accepted publication ethics standards when considering corrections, expressions of concern, and article retractions.

Grounds for Retraction

An article may be retracted if:

Evidence exists of plagiarism.
Research data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated.
Serious errors invalidate the findings or conclusions.
Unethical research practices are identified.
Duplicate or redundant publication is discovered.
Authors fail to disclose significant conflicts of interest that could affect the integrity of the publication.
Copyright infringement or legal violations are identified.

Retraction Procedure

A concern may be raised by readers, reviewers, editors, institutions, or other stakeholders.
The editorial office will conduct a preliminary assessment.
Authors will be contacted and provided an opportunity to respond.
Additional information may be requested from authors, institutions, or relevant parties.
The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board will evaluate the evidence and make a final decision.
If retraction is warranted, a formal Retraction Notice will be published.

Retraction Notice

A retraction notice will:

Clearly identify the retracted article.
State the reason(s) for retraction.
Remain permanently linked to the article record.
Be freely accessible to readers.

The original article may remain online to preserve the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as "Retracted."

Corrections and Expressions of Concern

When issues do not warrant retraction, the journal may publish:

Correction (Erratum or Corrigendum)

For minor errors that do not invalidate the overall findings of the article.

Expression of Concern

When an investigation is ongoing and sufficient evidence is not yet available to reach a final conclusion.

Editorial Independence

All decisions regarding plagiarism investigations, corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions are made independently by the editorial team in accordance with publication ethics principles and the best interests of the scholarly record.

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