Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, are characterized by dysregulated immune responses that attack host tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and organ damage (Patel et al., 2021; Zhang & Li, 2020). Traditional immunosuppressive therapies are limited by non-specific action, systemic toxicity, and variable efficacy. Recent advances in immunopharmacology have focused on targeted biologics, small-molecule inhibitors, and nanoparticle-based immune modulators to improve therapeutic precision. Novel drug delivery systems, including liposomes, polymeric carriers, and immune cell-mimetic nanoparticles, enhance tissue-specific targeting while reducing systemic exposure. Precision-guided approaches incorporating genetic, proteomic, and cellular biomarkers enable patient-specific treatment optimization. Preclinical evaluation using 3D immune organoids, microfluidic immune systems, and humanized animal models provides robust platforms for assessing drug efficacy and safety. This article reviews current strategies in autoimmune disease management, emphasizing mechanisms of targeted immunomodulation, innovative delivery systems, and bioengineered evaluation models. Challenges related to immunogenicity, regulatory hurdles, and long-term safety are discussed, alongside emerging opportunities including combinatorial immunotherapy, theranostic platforms, and AI-guided treatment design. The integration of these approaches promises to transform clinical outcomes and establish a personalized paradigm for autoimmune disease therapy.

Autoimmune diseases, Immunopharmacology, Targeted therapeutics, Nanoparticle drug delivery, Biomarker-guided therapy, Bioengineered models, Precision medicine Introduction

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