Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pose major clinical challenges due to progressive neuronal loss, limited regenerative capacity, and poor therapeutic penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Kumar et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2020). Recent advances in neuropharmacology have emphasized innovative drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, and polymeric carriers, to enhance BBB penetration and achieve targeted delivery to affected brain regions (Singh & Patel, 2022). Precision-guided pharmacotherapy leveraging genetic and proteomic biomarkers allows patient-specific interventions, improving therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Preclinical platforms, including 3D organotypic brain cultures, microfluidic neurochips, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal networks, provide physiologically relevant models for evaluating drug response, toxicity, and neuroregenerative potential (Li et al., 2021). This review synthesizes current strategies in neuropharmacology, highlighting the integration of advanced drug carriers, precision medicine, and bioengineered platforms. Challenges such as immunogenicity, long-term neurotoxicity, and clinical translation barriers are discussed, and future directions including theranostic approaches, AI-assisted drug design, and combinatorial neurotherapeutics are proposed. The convergence of these multidisciplinary strategies offers a transformative potential to optimize treatment outcomes and slow disease progression in neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurodegenerative disorders, Blood-brain barrier, Nanoparticles, Precision pharmacotherapy, Bioengineered models, Targeted delivery, Neuroregeneration

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