Chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions, remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of advanced pharmacological strategies, integrating novel drug formulations, targeted delivery systems, and biomarker-guided therapy, offers transformative potential for disease management (Singh et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). Lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and conjugated drug carriers have demonstrated significant improvements in drug solubility, stability, and therapeutic index, enabling precise modulation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles (Patel & Kumar, 2020). Concurrently, the application of precision medicine approaches, guided by genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers, allows for individualized therapy regimens that optimize efficacy while minimizing adverse effects (Chen & Zhao, 2019). Emerging preclinical platforms, including organ-on-chip systems and 3D bioprinted tissues, provide physiologically relevant models for evaluating drug response and toxicity, facilitating translational success (Ramesh et al., 2020). This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in chronic disease pharmacotherapy, highlighting innovative drug delivery platforms, precision-guided interventions, and bioengineered evaluation models. It critically examines current challenges, such as immunogenicity, long-term safety, and regulatory hurdles, while proposing integrative strategies to accelerate clinical adoption. The convergence of formulation science, targeted delivery, and patient-specific therapy underscores a paradigm shift in chronic disease management, with the promise of safer, more effective, and personalized therapeutic outcomes.

Chronic disease, Targeted drug delivery, Nanoparticles, Precision therapy, Bioengineered models, Pharmacokinetics, Personalized medicine

Chen, L., Zhao, Y., & Wang, H. (2019). Biomarker-guided individualized therapy in chronic diseases. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17(1), 115.

Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Singh, R. (2021). Precision medicine in chronic disease management: Advances and applications. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 645892.

Patel, R., Kumar, S., & Verma, P. (2020). Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for chronic disease therapeutics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 586, 119601.

Ramesh, G., Gupta, N., & Li, M. (2020). Organ-on-chip platforms for preclinical drug testing: Translational perspectives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 160, 101–119.

Singh, A., Sharma, D., & Chen, L. (2020). Bioengineered tissue models for pharmacological evaluation of chronic disease therapeutics. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 6(9), 5020–5035.

Zhou, H., Wang, J., & Patel, R. (2021). Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems in personalized medicine. Journal of Controlled Release, 334, 456–472.