Initial public offerings represent one of the most information‑dense and uncertainty‑laden stages in corporate finance. Although regulatory frameworks require firms to disclose extensive risk information, long‑standing questions remain about whether investors genuinely understand these disclosures or simply navigate around them. This study examines the relationship between investor awareness of IPO risk factors and the risks that issuing firms formally disclose. Grounded in behavioural finance and disclosure theory, the research explores whether a meaningful gap exists between what companies communicate and what investors actually comprehend.

The study draws on survey data from a multi‑country sample of IPO investors and uses structured Likert‑scale analysis to assess awareness across seventeen categories of macroeconomic, regulatory, financial, and firm‑specific risk. These categories reflect the breadth of risks typically highlighted in prospectuses and

provide a detailed basis for evaluating how investors interpret disclosed information.

The findings reveal a high degree of alignment between investor awareness and the risk categories disclosed by firms. This challenges the common assumption that retail investors routinely misunderstand IPO risks or are overwhelmed by disclosure complexity. Instead, the results suggest that investors engage selectively but meaningfully with the information they consider most relevant.

The study contributes empirical evidence to ongoing debates about disclosure effectiveness, investor cognition, and market transparency. It also offers practical implications for regulators seeking to refine disclosure requirements, for issuing firms aiming to communicate risk more effectively, and for investor education initiatives focused on strengthening informed participation in IPO markets.

Initial public offerings, risk disclosure, investor awareness, behavioural finance

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