Public health reform in colonial Southern Nigeria has been read either as imperial modernisation or as an instrument of social control. This  study argued that most readings neglect how reform was carried out, which was by replicating metropolitan and imperial templates in places where they could not be fully implemented. Using Homi Bhabha’s concept of mimicry, and drawing on records from the National Archives in Ibadan and Enugu, Colonial Reports, and oral information collected in Lagos, Yenegoa and Uyo, between August and October 2025, the study examined the Leper Ordinance of 1908, 1916, and 1929, the Public Health Ordinance of 1917 and its extension by Orders in Council in the year 1936, the Quarantine Act of 1926, and the Colonial Development Act of 1929 and 1940 respectively. The study found that the resemblance to British medical practice conferred legitimacy and made Southern Nigerians seen, while the divide between form and provision, preserved racial hierarchy. Also, sanitary inspectors, mission nurses, patients and press critics occupied the delicate space that this divide created. The study concluded that colonial public health in Southern Nigeria was almost British in form and rarely so in provision.     

This qualitative comparative study investigates how national and culturally shared meanings are encoded in English and Uzbek phraseological units. Integrating linguoculturology, cognitive metaphor theory and phraseological semantics, it examines twelve expressions related to hospitality, kinship, emotions, social reputation and everyday experience. The analysis differentiates comparable communicative functions from culturally distinctive imagery and evaluates the implications for interpretation and translation. The article proposes a four-layer reading model connecting image, conventional meaning, cultural frame and pragmatic use. Its conclusions are interpretive rather than corpus-statistical.

Educational vocabulary is shaped not only by the concepts shared across educational systems but also by institutional arrangements, pedagogical traditions, and culturally specific expectations. This article proposes a comparative semantic framework for examining educational lexical units in English and Uzbek, with particular attention to the relationship between lexical meaning, contextual use, and national-cultural reference. Drawing on contrastive semantics, translation studies, terminology research, and bilingual lexicography, the study distinguishes five working relations between lexical items: full equivalence, partial equivalence, functional equivalence, contextual equivalence, and non-equivalence. A qualitative, example-based analysis is used to illustrate how apparently straightforward pairs-such as assessment/baholash, curriculum/o‘quv dasturi, lecturer/ma’ruzachi or o‘qituvchi, and school/maktab - may differ in semantic scope, institutional reference, collocational behaviour, or pragmatic function. The analysis argues that equivalence should not be treated as a fixed one-to-one relation between words; it is better understood as a context-sensitive relation among concepts, usage conditions, and communicative purposes. National-cultural characteristics become especially visible where a lexical item presupposes a particular educational structure, qualification route, assessment practice, or social role. The article offers a replicable set of analytical criteria for bilingual dictionary compilation and educational translation. Because no validated corpus or completed frequency dataset is supplied in this manuscript, the examples are interpreted qualitatively and no statistical generalisations are claimed. The framework can be tested in a subsequent corpus-based study using systematically sampled English and Uzbek educational terms and independently checked semantic classifications.

Cassava production is influenced by an interconnected set of socioeconomic, institutional, technological, cultural, and environmental conditions. Although cassava remains an important staple and commercial crop in Nigeria, production outcomes differ considerably across rural communities because farmers operate within heterogeneous resource, market, technological, and ecological environments. This research-and-review article develops an integrated analytical perspective on the factors shaping cassava production by synthesizing evidence from the supplied literature. The analysis focuses on production economics, technology adoption, poverty reduction, gender-based constraints, post-harvest management, market organization, cultural practices, and environmental pressures. A literature-based conceptual framework is developed in which socioeconomic resources influence farmers’ access to technology, inputs, labour, markets, and information, while ecological and land-use conditions affect production sustainability and livelihood security. The reviewed evidence indicates that cassava productivity and commercialization cannot be explained by farm-level economic variables alone. Technology adoption, gender relations, market structures, post-harvest capacity, cultural institutions, and environmental changes jointly determine production outcomes. Economic analysis demonstrates the importance of profitability and resource allocation, while adoption studies indicate that technological improvements generate broader welfare effects when farmers can effectively access and utilize improved varieties and production practices. Environmental pressures, including competing land uses, further complicate the sustainability of cassava-based livelihoods. The study proposes an integrated framework for understanding these interactions and identifies implications for agricultural policy, rural development, technology dissemination, gender-responsive interventions, and sustainable land management.