Background:- Childhood obesity has emerged as a critical global public health concern, with its impact being especially pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, including India. This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence of childhood obesity and place a strong emphasis on identifying the associated risk factors in both urban and rural regions of India. By conducting a thorough analysis of existing research studies, this review aims to identify the most significant risk factors associated with childhood obesity in these distinct settings. This knowledge is essential for designing and implementing targeted interventions and policies that can effectively address the growing epidemic of childhood obesity in India and promote healthier lifestyles among children. Understanding these risk factors will enable policymakers, healthcare professionals, and parents to work together to develop evidence-based strategies that support the health and well-being of children in India, ultimately helping to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity and its related health problems.

Methods: - A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases was conducted to find relevant English-language studies from the last ten years. These studies had to be conducted in India, focus on children and adolescents aged 0-18, and either report the prevalence of childhood obesity or identify factors that increase the risk of childhood obesity. After a meticulous review process, ten studies were selected that met these criteria. These studies employed cross-sectional research designs. This comprehensive approach ensured that the analysis was based on high-quality, relevant data, offering valuable insights into the patterns and determinants of childhood obesity in both urban and rural settings across India.

Results: - The study found that childhood obesity is more common in urban areas of India compared to rural areas. Urban children had an estimated obesity rate of 9%, while rural children had a rate of 4%. In urban areas, factors such as unhealthy eating, lack of physical activity, higher income, parental education, and attending private schools were linked to childhood obesity. Conversely, in rural areas, different factors are associated with childhood obesity. Gender differences play a role, with boys and girls potentially experiencing different levels of physical activity and dietary patterns. Age is another factor, as older children might have different lifestyle habits compared to younger ones. Household size also influences obesity prevalence, with larger families possibly having less per capita resources for healthy food and physical activity opportunities.

Discussion: - The results of this study underscore the critical need for interventions tailored to the specific conditions of urban and rural areas to effectively address the disparities in childhood obesity prevalence. In urban regions, strategies should prioritize promoting healthy dietary habits and increasing opportunities for physical activity. This could involve initiatives such as improving access to nutritious foods, creating safe spaces for exercise, and implementing educational programs that encourage healthy lifestyle choices among children and their families. In rural areas, interventions must also consider the unique challenges and cultural contexts. Programs should be designed to be inclusive, ensuring they address the needs of both boys and girls. This might include community-based activities that promote physical fitness and nutrition education tailored to local dietary practices and resources. Furthermore, future research should consider the regional and cultural distinctions that influence childhood obesity.

Conclusion:- This systematic review not only sheds light on the risk factors associated with childhood obesity in India but also provides a roadmap for developing targeted, region-specific interventions that can help combat this pressing health issue and reduce disparities across different populations.

Childhood obesity, prevention strategies, lifestyle modifications

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